Author: openjargon

• Captain Theresa Claiborne signed up to the Air Force in 1980, and later worked as a captain for United Airlines.
• She was below the height requirement and the first Black woman recruited to the Force. 
• Claiborne spoke to Business Insider about the hurdles she faced and why piloting is a great career.

This as-told-to essay is based on a conversation with Captain Theresa Claiborne, the first Black female pilot in the US Air Force and a captain at United. The following was edited for length and clarity.

I had spent my younger days bouncing all over the world because my father was in the military. But life felt so stationary when we returned to the States.

During college, I applied to the Reserve Office Training Corps (ROTC) in Berkeley. During the six-week training camp, they took us up on a T-37 [a small training plane made by Cessna].

Flying a plane is freeing. It's this amazing feeling of control but no control.

I decided right then: I wanted to be a pilot.

The hardest period of my life

In 1980, the Air Force only had 10 slots for women per graduating class, and they had already been filled for the year.

But halfway through my junior year, they came back and said the women seemed to be graduating at the same rate as the men, so the allotment was increased to 30.

I flew out to Laughlin Air Force base in Texas to start pilot training.

It was daunting in a lot of ways.

Unlike a lot of people in my class, I didn't have prior flying experience. And when you're in training, flying is a lot like a loop-the-loop on a roller coaster… but I'm not one for roller coasters.

So I was just trying to get the task done and not be fearful all the time.

In high school, my teacher said it was fine for me to be bad at Math because I could do English. But in training, everybody knew the instructors' formulas, and I didn't.

So when my classmates were out having a good time on the weekends, I was back at the dorm studying. It was probably the hardest period of my life that year. I was lonely.

I almost didn't make it to that point because I was short. You are supposed to be five feet four inches, and I was five feet two inches. For my entire career, I've had to stand on the balls of my feet when I was measured.

I only found out I was the first Black woman in the Air Force a couple of weeks before I graduated when a friend from ROTC mentioned it.

Looking back, that was lucky. I was only 22. It would have been too much pressure for someone my age to carry my gender and race together.

Just do the work

Being the only person who looked like me created challenges. A lot of it was very subtle. But you could just feel it — people looking at you and thinking, "OK, she's here."

Entering active duty in the Air Force, I did feel the pressure.

If I didn't do well, then when people see another person that looks like me, what will they think?

My attitude was always to do the work and get an A. Don't allow someone to have a subjective opinion that either puts you there or denies you something.

But who's to say that through those years, there were people who did not give me a break because of what I looked like?

There was one evaluation I remember well. It was deemed that I didn't put anti-ice on quickly enough. That's not what I saw. But how do you say that decision was because I'm this or that? You don't know.

After that, there was only one time I didn't 100% pass the check.

Commercial pilots are qualified

After seven years I left active duty and joined the reserves. In 1990, I started working as a commercial pilot for United.

My routes were on a Boeing 757 out of Newark, mostly heading to Cape Town, Johannesburg, Tel Aviv, and Delhi.

In order to be a pilot, you have to be perseverant and a go-getter. You also need a thick skin because, believe it or not, there are still people who believe that we have no business flying airplanes.

There's a lot of noise out there about DEI and pilot qualifications.

People have said, "If I walk up to an airplane and there's a Black pilot, I will get off the airplane."

I've been stopped by passengers after I use the restroom and reenter the flight deck. Once, when I asked a passenger to let me by, he looked at me and said, "What for?"

"Because I'm your pilot," I replied.

The look on his face was like "No, you're not." It's happened multiple times.

Sometimes, even the agents working at my own company have automatically tried to put me in the flight attendant jump seat.

I wish there were magic words to be said, but I think it's almost one pilot at a time, one person at a time. Companies have started enforcing some rules, and HR is stepping in to make the unions handle some of these situations.

Flying internationally is hard on your body

Any time you're in the air for 15+ hours, then on the ground for 24 hours, and then back up again for 15 more, it takes a toll on your body. It was time for me to hang it up.

I flew my last large commercial airplane back from Lisbon this May.

It was a proud moment. I've flown incident-free and accident-free across all these years, and I have strong shoulders that many, many, many women are standing on.

I'm going to miss walking through the airport in my uniform and being able to hand out wings to little kids. Their eyes just get big.

It's funny how they know the difference between a pilot and someone else. They don't look through colored glasses. They just see someone in the hat and know that's a pilot.

Increasing diversity

The reports say that women are about 5% to 6% of the airline pilot population. And the number of Black women is even smaller.

Women can be pilots and have a family, the same way the guys do.

I've become involved in organizations like Women in Aviation and Sisters of the Skies to ensure more little girls know this is a real career.

We introduce young women between the ages of 10 and 18 to aviation and take them up in an airplane flown by a woman who looks like them.

By the time they land, they're smiling wide from ear to ear.

Not everybody is meant to be a pilot, but we want them to know that if they assert themselves, they can be whatever they want.

I tell the young ladies I mentor the same thing I told myself: be so good that they can't say you're not good.

If that's what you really want to do, be the best.

• My wife and I met on a dating app and have always supported each other unconditionally.
• We got married in 2020, and decided we wanted to have a poly vee marriage.
• We have rules for our relationship and make sure to communicate about everything.

We met on a dating app in 2011. Our first date involved piling into my station wagon that had a Phillies magnet covering the broken gas port cover. We had a lovely and intimate sushi date where we chatted and laughed over some nigiri. From then on, our love grew.

My future wife was finishing up her undergraduate degree. I would drive to campus and hang out between classes, often bringing pizza or Dairy Queen for our chats.

That first summer, I became really sick and required surgery. We had only known each other for a few months, but she was there daily to change my gauze and take me to the doctor when my fever peaked. Her genuine care for me never wavered.

We have always supported each other unconditionally. I fully backed her idea of going back to school for a professional degree. She supported me, too, in a long-distance relationship when I went back to Los Angeles to pursue a dream job and conquer a city that had bested me the first time. It was clear that the love between us could surmount any obstacles that life would place in our paths.

I proposed on June 22, 2018. The initial plan was to have this wonderful event in the fall of 2020, but a pandemic threw a massive wrench. We married legally in November 2020 via a video chat with the courthouse and held a public wedding at a local art museum in September 2022.

We decided to have a poly 'vee' marriage

A poly vee-structured relationship involves multiple partners and is shaped like the letter "V." The pivot point represents a person in the relationship seeing two or more partners who aren't romantically or sexually involved with each other. Those partners are known as "metamours" and may or may not know each other.

We decided this was the best fit for us because we have very different levels of sexual needs. Her drive is not as high as mine, and, despite her being my dream woman, I needed more.

Like all serious discussions in our relationship, we approached it with transparency. I vocalized my needs, and she vocalized hers. This is not a marriage failure or a sign that we are incompatible. This is a forever partnership with the flexibility to address everyone's needs.

We decided that a poly vee would be the best fit for our relationship and we took steps to establish baselines of expectations.

We have rules for our relationship

The first step in any ethically non-monogamous relationship is to establish ground rules.

Though we're in a poly vee relationship, my wife chooses not to pursue other partners. She has the freedom to do so, but has not found the need to look elsewhere. If we met someone we were both attracted to, we would be open to a "unicorn" situation as well, where we brought in a third partner for both of us at the same time.

On my end, I am allowed to freely date and pursue sexual and romantic relationships externally. I use dating apps, and the first line of every dating profile is, "I am married and ethically non-monogamous (poly vee)."

My external partners have the freedom to check in with her to make sure everything is above board, and I'm not just cheating and calling it polyamory.

One of the rules we have is that I cannot have any partners in our shared bedroom or bed, as that is our sacred space.

Hierarchically, my wife will always have top billing. We live together. She is the love of my life. If she has a need to veto a situation, she has the right to if she feels it is damaging our relationship. She has never exercised that right, but the "abort" button remains.

Consent-wise, I do not divulge the identity of my external partners for their sake unless they want me to. I tell my wife when I'm going out and where I'm going for safety. I only bring people to our home when she is not there, and we schedule accordingly.

Obviously, safe sex is always practiced with all partners, and I am regularly tested when I do my normal blood work.

It works well for us

We are people who love to love. The deep emotional connections and ability to meet, learn about, and experience different types of people in my life is a gift. Just like traveling or trying new foods, it's all a learning experience.

We are both autonomous people. She is the first woman I've been with who I never had to ask for permission to hang out with my friends, and she doesn't need to ask, either. We have our own identities and private spaces. This allows us to connect incredibly well because we're fully formed people who aren't codependent.

We're both not religiously bound, and we don't have children, so in our eyes, there is only one life to live. Nothing should stand in the way of either of our happiness, and the support and trust that go along with an arrangement like this makes our bond even stronger.

• Samantha Brown shared three underrated travel destinations to avoid crowds.
• Brown has visited over 90 countries in her 20-year career as a seasoned travel host.
• She said Australia and Canada offer unique experiences.

From Europe and Asia to South America and Australia, Samantha Brown has been to more than 90 countries around the world.

The Emmy-award-winning travel host of the PBS show "Samantha Brown's Places to Love" takes viewers across the globe to share what it's like to experience different cultures.

She's been hosting travel shows on various networks for 25 years, including Travel Channel's "Great Vacation Homes."

In a recent conversation with Business Insider, Brown highlighted three underrated destinations that will wow you without the crowds.

Darwin is an underrated destination in Australia.

Darwin is at the top of Australia in the Northern Territory.

"It's closer to Asia than it is to Melbourne or Sydney," Brown said. Singapore is about 300 miles closer than Melbourne, according to Google Maps.

Despite the roughly four-hour flight between Darwin and these more popular Australian destinations, Brown says it's a hidden gem worth visiting because of its unique landscapes in the two bordering national parks, Mary River and Litchfield.

The surrounding national parks may make you feel as if you're on another planet.

Brown travels to Darwin to see waterfalls, pools, and unique landscapes at Mary River and Litchfield National Parks.

"You're in this phenomenally different landscape from the Outback. Darwin feels as if you are not only hitting a new country but a new planet," she said. "It's unlike anything you've ever seen. And I think if you've traveled that far, you need to see that."

If you enjoy train travel, board the Ghan from Darwin to Adelaide. It is known as one of the most scenic railways in the world, with dramatic landscapes inaccessible by other transportation modes.

If you can't get to Europe, take a trip to Montreal.

"If Europe is too expensive, go to Montreal," Brown said.

The city in Canada's eastern province of Quebec is just a 90-minute flight from NYC.

The French-Canadian city feels like Paris, according to Brown.

The French-Canadian city reminds Brown of Paris with historic architecture, cobblestone streets, and French culture.

Most Montreal locals speak French, and with a European aesthetic, it's easy to see why Brown considers it a comparable destination.

"Montreal is one of the best cities in the world," she said. "The 400-year-old city feels like Europe for half the cost."

She's particularly a fan of the public art scene. According to the city's website, more than 1,000 pieces are displayed around Montreal and are free to view.

Brown recommends taking yourself on a free tour. From the streets to the underground metro stations, Montreal is full of art.

"I love public art, and I love places that we are all allowed to inhabit with no money," Brown said.

A great place to start is Place Jacques Cartier, a public square filled with street artists and vendors, as BI previously reported.

Costa Rica may not seem like a hidden gem, but it is during the rainy season.

In Central America, Costa Rica is a hot spot for tourists. From beaches and jungles to volcanoes and cloud forests, travelers can have a range of experiences in one trip.

But fewer tourists visit in the summer, as Costa Rica's wet season begins in late May and spans six months.

Many tourists don't know that the rain clears up midseason for July.

In the midst of the wet season, rain stops in Costa Rica in July, Brown told BI.

"It happens every year, just for the month of July," she added.

Since many travelers assume Costa Rica is rainy all summer, prices for flights and hotels decrease.

"You can go to the Caribbean side, where all the resorts are, or you can go to the interior, where there are volcanoes and rainforests," Brown said. "You're going to a place that everyone loves to go to. The biodiversity is off the charts. But you're going at a time when no one thinks to go."

For more ideas on where to travel this summer, Brown released the ultimate itinerary in a Summer Travel Trends Report in collaboration with Klarna.

• Russia has started firing missiles at Ukraine from the Sea of Azov, a Ukrainian spokesperson said.
• Dmitry Pletenchuk said Russia is using the location because it thinks it's safer than the Black Sea.
• Experts told BI that ships there may be at less risk from sea drones but not long-range missiles.

On Sunday, Dmitry Pletenchuk, a spokesman for Ukraine's southern military command, said Russian warships had started firing missiles from the Sea of Azov, per the Kyiv Independent.

The sea, which borders occupied southern Ukraine, is connected to the Black Sea via the Kerch Strait, and, crucially, Russia controls its coastline.

The attack, which involved four missiles, was an "important turning point," Pletenchuk said, with Russia using the Sea of Azov because it considers it "safer" than the Black Sea.

Russia's Black Sea Fleet has suffered heavily, with the UK's armed forces chief saying in February that 25% of Russian vessels in the waters had been sunk, damaged, or destroyed since the start of the war.

Ukraine's attacks have forced Russian warships to withdraw from Crimea and relocate to safer waters, where they have also come under attack.

According to the Naval Forces of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, on Tuesday, seven Russian warships were spotted in the Azov, two of which were equipped with Kalibr cruise missiles.

Matthew Boyse, a senior fellow with the Hudson Institute's Center on Europe and Eurasia, told BI that Russia's control over the entire coastline of the Azov makes it "difficult for Ukraine to deploy sea drones against Russian vessels."

But this doesn't mean ships there will be safe from Ukraine's aerial drones and missiles, experts told BI.

"The Azov Sea is relatively safer since the surface fleet can, theoretically, benefit from superior land-based protection and is seemingly unreachable by Ukraine's maritime drones," said Basil Germond, a maritime security expert at the UK's Lancaster University.

But he added that "Russia's warships in the Azov Sea are still at the mercy of Ukrainian missiles and aerial drones."

A secluded area

According to Mark Temnycky, a nonresident fellow with the Atlantic Council's Eurasia Center, the apparent move away from the Black Sea is a sign that Russian forces are "slowly learning from the mistakes they have made over the past two and a half years."

"Seeing their fleet was being destroyed by Ukraine, the Russians are now exploring new options to fortify and protect the areas they illegally occupy," he told BI.

The Sea of Azov is near Russian-occupied regions of Ukraine, meaning Russian vessels will be better protected there, he said.

Russia has also been building defenses around the Kerch Strait.

Earlier this month, satellite images showed that Russia has set up barges and floating boom defenses around the Strait.

Ukrainian sea drones would need to travel through that transit route to reach the Azov Sea, Scott Savitz, a senior engineer at RAND, a nonpartisan think tank, told BI.

"This facilitates Russian detection and targeting of those USVs," he said, using an acronym for unmanned surface vehicles.

"Moreover, in the confined Sea of Azov, Russia's ships can also shelter beneath land-based missile defenses," he said.

That could hamper Ukraine's drone and aircraft attacks.

Ukrainian planes would have to fly around Crimea and risk being attacked by air defenses on their way to launch points over the Black Sea, according to Bryan Clark, a former US Navy officer and defense expert at the Hudson Institute.

Meanwhile, Russian "missiles can reach most of Ukraine from the Sea of Azov and ports along the Russian Black Sea coast," Clark said.

But the safety provided by the Sea of Azov is not "absolute," Steven Horrell, a non-resident senior fellow with the Transatlantic Defense and Security Program at the Center for European Policy Analysis, told BI.

"Moored ships are still very vulnerable to longer-range precision strikes, like Western-provided systems," he said.

It may end up being another fiasco

Igor Delanoë, the deputy head of the French-Russian Analytical Center Observo, said Russia's navy may face the same issues in the Azov as it did in the Black Sea.

"The Ukrainians, generously supplied by their sponsors, can still use missile attacks or drones to inflict damage to surface vessels in the Azov Sea," he said.

Ukraine may also find a way to more effectively target Russian ships there, according to Savitz, "taking advantage of their confinement within a small body of water, which makes them easier to track."

• Diet plays a huge part in our health and longevity, L-Nutra CEO Dr. Joseph Antoun told Business Insider.
• A healthy diet could protect us from some of the leading causes of death, including heart disease. 
• Antoun follows a plant-based Longevity Diet, emphasizing nuts, complex carbs, and healthy fats.

What we eat probably impacts our health more than any other single factor, according to a medical doctor and CEO of a longevity company who shared his diet with Business Insider.

Alongside exercise, food is a pillar of longevity because we consume it multiple times a day and it impacts everything from the gut microbiome to cholesterol and the constitution of cells, said Dr. Joseph Antoun, the CEO of L-Nutra, a longevity-focused nutrition company.

Antoun said diet can play a large role in reducing the risk of developing diseases that are among the leading causes of death in the US. These include: heart disease, cancer, stroke, diabetes, and Alzheimer's, according to CDC data.

He follows the Longevity Diet, created by his colleague and L-Nutra cofounder Valter Longo, a professor of gerontology and director of the USC Longevity Institute. It's mainly a plant-based diet but includes fish a few times a week, plus lots of complex carbohydrates, and healthy fats from nuts, Antoun said.

It's similar to the Mediterranean Diet, which one study suggested could add up to 10 years to a person's life.

Antoun shared three dietary principles he follows in the hope of living a long, healthy life.

Eat nuts every day

Nuts are a good source of plant-based protein, complex carbs, and healthy fats, Antoun said. He eats them pretty much every day.

For breakfast, Antoun has nuts and a cup of coffee with a splash of oat or almond milk. He either has L-Nutra's Prolon Fasting bar, which is made of walnuts, almonds, macadamia nuts, and a little bit of honey, or just whole nuts.

Occasionally he has his company's Longevity Spread, which is made of mainly almonds and cocoa powder, on wholewheat bread.

Research suggests that eating nuts regularly could lower the risk of cardiovascular disease. A large 2017 study, published in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology, looked at data on more than 200,000 people across 32 years and found that those who ate nuts five or more times a week had a 14% lower risk of cardiovascular disease and a 20% lower risk of coronary heart disease than people who never or almost never did.

Nuts have been found to lower the risk of high blood pressure, reduce "bad" cholesterol, and decrease the risk of blood clots that can lead to heart attack or stroke, according to The Mayo Clinic.

Eat plant-based protein

Antoun mainly eats plant-based protein including nuts, beans, and chickpeas.

There's compelling evidence to suggest that a diet high in plants could boost longevity. In a 2023 study published in JAMA Network Open, 22 pairs of twins were randomly assigned either a healthy vegan diet or a healthy omnivorous diet for eight weeks.

At the end of the study, the vegan twins had significantly lower "bad" cholesterol levels, as well as insulin and body weight — all of which are associated with improved cardiovascular health — than their omnivorous counterparts.

Another large study published in JAMA Internal Medicine found that shifting 3% of calorie intake from animal protein to plant protein appeared to lower the risk of death from any cause by 10%.

Have dinner early and breakfast late

Another part of Longo's Longevity Diet, and the central tenant of L-Nutra's business model, is intermittent fasting. According to Longo's website, dieters must confine all eating to a twelve-hour period and shouldn't eat three to four hours before bedtime.

Antoun does this to make sure he's fasting for 12 hours every day. "I don't eat overnight. It's very important for me to have my dinner around seven and then stay all the way the next day until seven, eight o'clock up until I have my breakfast," he said.

Fasting diets are popular with CEOs, celebrities, and biohacking bros, who hope it will help with weight loss, longevity, and improved focus. But as BI previously reported, actual evidence is lagging behind the huge interest in fasting.

Studies on animals suggest that calorie restriction through fasting could boost longevity. This is understood to be because of a process known as autophagy, in which cells start to shed old, unusable parts when deprived of nutrients. But there's limited evidence that the result is the same in humans.

• The US Navy's carrier fleet is known for its impressive firepower and resilience in battle.
• The fleet's durability is attributed partly to the sacrifice of its predecessor, USS America.
• The Navy tried for weeks to sink the "Big A," eventually resorting to scuttle the ship onboard.

The US Navy's supercarrier fleet is famed for its offensive power, massive size, and versatility in battle.

US aircraft carriers led their strike groups to the front lines of global conflicts and are frequently used to intimidate US adversaries.

In June, Nimitz-class carrier USS Dwight D. Eisenhower left the Middle East after spending months fighting Iran-backed Houthi rebels in the Red Sea. Earlier this year, USS Gerald R. Ford returned to its homeport after the Pentagon sent the first-in-class supercarrier and its strike group to the coastal waters of Israel after the Hamas attacks on October 7, 2023.

The durability of America's current carrier fleet is due in part to the sacrifice of one of its predecessors: USS America.

The penultimate conventionally-powered aircraft carrier

USS America was initially ordered as one of the six nuclear-powered aircraft carriers in the Enterprise class. However, skyrocketing production costs forced the Navy to redesign the ship to use an older system of fuel-burning boilers that powered the steam turbine-driven propellors.

It was the second to last conventionally powered carrier, followed by USS John F. Kennedy before the Navy began building its nuclear-powered carrier fleet.

The America was one of three Kitty Hawk-class carriers, including the lead ship and USS Constellation. Its keel was laid down in January 1961 at the Newport News Shipbuilding in Virginia and was commissioned at the Norfolk Naval Shipyard four years later.

The $400 million carrier, fittingly nicknamed the "Big A," measures more than 1,000 feet long with a 4-acre flight deck that could accommodate up to 100 aircraft.

The America was first designated as an attack aircraft carrier and reclassified to an aircraft carrier in 1975 following a major overhaul the previous year.

Improving safety and efficiency

The expansive flight deck of the USS America introduced the feature of an angled flight deck, which increased the ship's efficiency by allowing aircraft to catapult off the bow while simultaneously landing other aircraft to land nearby.

The ship was also equipped with a Mirror Landing System, highly advanced control and landing technology consisting of mirrors and lights that safely guided pilots back onto the carrier's deck and reduced accidents.

The Big A in service

The America played a role in a number of key conflicts throughout history, frequently sailing in the Mediterranean and Atlantic Ocean.

It had three deployments to the Pacific during the Vietnam War. It set a record of no aircraft losses as crews dropped thousands of tons of ordnance over more than 10,000 sorties.

The carrier also served in the Persian Gulf War, launching airstrikes in Iraq and Kuwait during Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm.

In addition to serving during global conflicts, the USS America also delivered humanitarian aid and conducted evacuations during natural disasters and humanitarian crises.

Documenting life at sea

Jim Preston, a now-retired US Navy photojournalist, captured daily operations aboard the America in a piece for the Navy's "All Hands" magazine.

"It was unlike anything I had ever witnessed before or after over my photography career," Preston wrote in an essay. "Danger is everywhere, and you are constantly aware of it, given the noise of afterburners at full blast as the four catapults send aircraft off the bow and waist cats."

Deployed life

Preston focused his photography on life aboard the ship, showing sailors during the long deployments at sea and how they coped with being away from their families for months on end.

After Preston's article went to print, he said the spouse of a Navy sailor reached out to him, expressing tearful gratitude for helping her understand what her husband goes through on his deployments at sea.

Forced into retirement, then demolition

Through the Navy's Service Life Extension Program (SLEP), the Navy spent $785 million on extensive refitting and repair on USS Kitty Hawk and another $800 million on USS Constellation.

Unlike its sister ships, USS America never underwent a repair overhaul to modernize the ship and its equipment that would have extended its service life until 2010.

As global tensions and conflicts wound down following the Cold War, the US curbed its military spending, and budget cuts and shifting priorities forced it into retirement after more than three decades of service.

The ship decommissioned in August 1996 and spent years moored at the Naval Inactive Ships Facility in Philadelphia.

Nearly a decade after decommissioning, the America was later towed hundreds of miles off the coast of Virginia in 2005 for a classified Navy live-fire exercise.

The exercise, dubbed "SinkEx," was intended to test the carrier's capacity to withstand battle damage and improve the durability of future ship designs.

'One final and vital contribution to our national defense'

Some veterans who served aboard USS America were against seeing such an end for the storied carrier and pushed for its preservation as a museum.

But Adm. John Nathman, then-vice chief of naval operations, emphasized the importance of the America's "final and vital contribution to our national defense."

"I know America has a very special place in your hearts, not only for the name but also for your service aboard her," he said at the time. "I ask that you understand why we selected this ship for this one last crucial mission and make note of the critical nature of her final service."

Nathman, who is now retired, said the exercise would consist of a "variety of comprehensive tests above and below the waterline collecting data for use by naval architects and engineers in creating the nation's future carrier fleet."

"America's legacy will serve as a footprint in the design of future carriers — ships that will protect the sons, daughters, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren of America veterans," he said.

Built to take a beating

But the job was easier said than done.

The flattop was hammered with explosions above and below the surface, the latter simulating attacks by torpedos in a real combat situation intended to break a ship's keel. The empty ship was also battered by missiles and bombs. The Navy observed the ship's destruction from afar as well as through monitoring systems installed throughout the carrier.

After four weeks of bombardment, the America still remained afloat.

It became clear that the ship wasn't going down by conventional methods, so the Navy had to scuttle the ship with charges placed onboard, opening holes in its double-layered hull for it to finally sink at 11:30 a.m. on May 14, 2005.

The Navy kept most of the findings of the SinkEx classified, and only two photos are known to be released of the historic moment.

The ship, still in one piece, sank nearly 17,000 feet below the surface of the Atlantic, somewhere between South Carolina and Bermuda. The exercise marked the first and only time a modern US carrier has been sunk.

The USS America (CV-66), a Kitty Hawk-class aircraft carrier, was scuttled in 2005 following a distinguished service career spanning over three decades. https://t.co/Oyed4Uk6SM

— National Interest (@TheNatlInterest) May 13, 2024

https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js

Tough to kill, but not impossible

Although a supercarrier's massive size makes it an easy-to-spot target, the ship is surrounded by armed warships to protect it by whatever means necessary.

"You have to launch hundreds of weapons at the carrier strike group to even get a few of them through," Bryan Clark, a former US Navy officer and director of the Hudson Institute's Center for Defense Concepts and Technology, told Business Insider's Ryan Pickrell in 2019.

However, with enough firepower, the battle group could be overwhelmed, and while supercarriers are certainly tough to kill, it's not impossible.

"Given enough time and weapons, you can sink a carrier," Clark said. "But, if you have defenses, people doing damage control, and propulsion, the carrier can take damage and drive away to eventually come back."

• Lynne Hughes lost her mom at 9 and her dad at 11.
• Now, she runs a bereavement camp, serving hundreds of kids each year.
• She says kids don't process grief in the same way adults do.

This as-told-to essay is based on a conversation with Lynne Hughes, founder and CEO of Comfort Zone Camp. It has been edited for length and clarity.

When I was 9, my three brothers and I were watching our parents play tennis near our Michigan home. It was nothing out of the ordinary until my mom pulled a muscle. She came hobbling off the court, and my dad offered to take her to the hospital, but she said it wasn't necessary. She called her doctor, who told her to ice and elevate her leg.

A few days later, I woke up to my dad calling my mom's name in the bedroom next to mine. She had died in her sleep from a blood clot. It almost never happens, but it happened in my family.

After that, my family life became chaotic. Instead of coming together in grief, it was every man and child for themselves. My dad was racked with guilt, so he turned to alcohol for comfort. He quickly remarried, but soon after that, he died from a massive heart attack.

My family fractured, but at summer camp I felt normal

That happened the day before I was set to start junior high. Despite being newly orphaned at 11, I went to school the next day. I didn't want to be known as the girl with no parents.

My siblings and I didn't support each other. Although we had all experienced the same thing, we pulled away and processed it differently. It felt like survival of the fittest.

One place where I could escape from my difficult home life was at summer camp. There, I existed in a bubble. I didn't need to think about the parents I'd lost or the stepmom I was now forced to live with. I could just be a kid.

I worked on my own grief and volunteered with others

Like lots of people who experience loss, I was stuck on the question of "why?" As a kid, I became convinced that my parents had died for a reason and that I was special. I knew I had to do something with my life because I felt this deep sense of purpose.

I met my husband at camp and started a normal-ish, happy life. I did a lot of work to process my own grief, and I worked in hospice to help others with theirs. I started volunteering for a group of motherless daughters after the book by the same name came out.

At one of our first events, there were about 45 women. One of them, Barbara, was in her 70s. She had been carrying her grief for 60 years and had never talked about it. The youngest woman that day was a 14-year-old who had just lost her mom.

I started to think: what if we could catch kids early in their grief process and give them coping tools so the ripples of their loss don't continue to shape their lives?

Kids don't process grief the way adults do

For years, I ruminated on the idea of a camp for bereaved kids. Then, finally, I was ready to do it. Comfort Zone Camp started in 1999 near my home in Virginia. Twenty-five years later, we operate in nine states and served more than 1,300 kids last year.

Kids don't sit with their grief the way adults do. They move close to it, then back away. They can go from crying one second to laughing and being silly almost instantly. They're able to compartmentalize.

So, that's the approach we take at camp. We do intense therapeutic work in healing circles but intersperse that with all the typical camp activities: ropes courses, bonfires, and sports. There's a lesson in all of it, though. After the ropes course we talk about grief obstacles and trusting people to help you through. During the bonfire, we have a somber moment when kids can burn notes to the loved ones they lost.

Lots of first-timers are worried that camp will be sad and heavy. We start with games and fun, and you can practically feel the relief. After that, kids are eager to share their stories of loss. They heal by sharing and by listening to others.

Silly but meaningful interactions go a long way

My favorite part of camp comes at the end: our closing memorial service. Funerals are often for adults, not kids. So, with this ceremony, we give kids the chance to memorialize their loved ones in a way that resonates with them. It's like a talent show, all done in honor of the person they lost.

The acts might be a child singing for their mom, who loved music, or tossing a football with their friend because dad loved to play.

Recently, one of my groups of 9- and 10-year-olds came up with a skit about "Grief-fil-A." It's better than Chick-fil-A, they said, because it's open even on Sundays. They acted out ordering grief, with a side of coping skills, like talking with a friend or journaling. The whole thing was so silly but meaningful — the exact recipe for helping kids process loss.

• Season 3 of "The Bear" premiered this week, giving fans a glimpse of life working at a restaurant.
• Business Insider analyzed wage data to see how Carmy, Sydney, and the staff would fare in the US economy.
• Since 2020, restaurant workers' wages have grown faster than inflation, but high housing costs are a burden.

Season 3 of "The Bear" premiered June 26, meaning fans finally got to devour new episodes of the viral kitchen drama.

The previous season followed chef Carmen "Carmy" Berzatto (played by Jeremy Allen White) and his crew transform their beloved family-owned restaurant — the Original Beef of Chicagoland — into a fine-dining restaurant, The Bear.

Ask a fan of "The Bear" if it's inspired their cooking and you'll likely hear, "Yes, chef."

How about a career change?

Now, that one's less certain — but as viewers watch Carmy and Sydney (Ayo Edebiri) cook up food for patrons, one question might arise: How much money does a chef and their staff actually make?

Those salaries will differ across establishments, locations, and times. But it's possible to get a general sense: Business Insider analyzed national and Chicago-area wage data for restaurant workers to gauge the average staff salaries if The Bear opened in 2023.

Overall, pay for leisure and hospitality workers — which includes restaurants — has outpaced other workers in recent years.

Restaurant staff's wages have grown 31.1% since January 2020, which is faster than the average 25.4% increase in wages for all private workers.

That growth is due to state-level minimum wage increases between 2019 and 2023 coinciding with a tight labor market, according to the nonprofit think tank Economic Policy Institute.

Overall inflation has risen roughly 21% since January 2020, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, meaning restaurant wages have also outpaced general price increases.

All things considered, though, staff at The Bear wouldn't necessarily be better off right now.

According to a new report by the Harvard Joint Center for Housing Studies, 48% of renters in Chicago feel cost-burdened — meaning they spend between 30% and 50% of their income on housing.

Chicago's suburbs are also the second most competitive rental market in the US.

But when it comes to basics, like the annual salary for staff at The Bear, that number depends on the job.

Carmen "Carmy" Berzatto

As head chef at The Bear, Carmy is undoubtedly the mastermind behind the operation.

A chef or head cook in Chicago made an average annual salary of $68,620 in 2023, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Carmy's supposed salary of $68,620 is more than the national average of $59,310 for chefs or head cooks and amounts to nearly $33 per hour. That puts him better off than the $28.51 national average for chefs.

In Chicago, the median household income is $75,900, according to Harvard's report.

Sydney Adamu

As sous-chef at The Bear, Sydney's salary is less clear.

If management paid her on par with Carmy, Sydney could expect to bring in $68,620 a year as a chef at a Chicago restaurant.

Another potential category Sydney fits into is supervisors of preparing and serving food — according to Chicago data, this role made an average of $44,690 in 2023.

Neil Fak

A restaurant can't run if the gas doesn't work.

The mechanic is an oft-overlooked, duly needed position for any establishment.

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Neil Fak (played by Matt Matheson, who is also an executive producer of the show) would have made $56,020 in 2023 as a general maintenance and repair worker in Chicago.

That's considerably more than the $35,440 national average salary for repair workers.

Natalie Berzatto

Managing a restaurant — a new one nonetheless — is no easy feat.

Food service managers in Chicago made an average of $68,770 in 2023, meaning Natalie (Abby Elliott) would earn just a little bit more than Carmy and Sydney.

That means Natalie is The Bear's highest earner, but her salary is a little bit less than the national average of $72,190.

Tina Marrero

As a cook at The Bear, Tina (Liza Colón-Zayas) would make $38,030 — that's the annual salary for a cook at a Chicago restaurant in 2023.

Tina's salary may have improved the most among staff due to The Beef becoming The Bear.

Fast food cooks in Chicago — like those at The Beef — made $30,790 in 2023.

That means Tina gained an extra $7,240 a year when she signed her new contract at The Bear.

Richard "Richie" Jerimovich

As a restaurant host, Richie (Ebon Moss-Bachrach) could earn $31,900 per year in Chicago.

That translates to an average hourly wage of $15.34, which means Richie is The Bear's lowest-paid employee.

However, it's more than the national average for front-of-house hosts, which was $30,270 annually and $14.55 an hour in 2023.

Marcus Brooks

Marcus Brooks (Lionel Boyce) would make $36,610 working as a baker in Chicago in 2023.

That breaks down to an average hourly wage of $17.60.

Brooks would have made more than the national average for bakers, which was $35,760 annually and $17.19 per hour.

Has "The Bear" inspired you to switch careers and work in restaurants? If so, please contact this reporter at jtowfighi@businessinsider.com.

• Georgia's basic income pilot helped low-income Black women afford bills and pay down debt. 
• The program gave participants monthly cash payments — amounting to $20,400 over two years.
• Shamarra Woods, 31, said basic income helped her pay for rent and day care for her young daughter.

When Shamarra Woods first started receiving basic income, she was able to buy clothes, diapers, and formula for her newborn baby. As her daughter grew into a toddler, the no-strings cash payments helped Woods pay for day care.

Woods, 31, lives in Atlanta and is a single mom. She's also a participant in Georgia's guaranteed basic income pilot called In Her Hands. Launched in 2022 by nonprofits The Georgia Resilience and Opportunity Fund and GiveDirectly, the program gave 650 low-income Black women monthly payments for two years to spend as they choose. Funding came from foundations and philanthropic donors.

"Single mothers — and women out there trying to make it or get themselves in a better situation — they don't have the support they need," Woods told Business Insider. "This income helps with that."

Participants were based in communities across the state: Atlanta's Old Fourth Ward, College Park, as well as Clay, Randolph, and Terrell counties. The women were put into a lottery and randomly divided into two groups — Group A received $850 a month for 24 months, while Group B received $4,300 during the first month of the program, then $700 a month for the following 23 months. All eligible participants had an annual household income below 200% of the federal poverty line, which is $39,440 for a family of two.

Woods was in Group B. She said the lump sum helped her pay off outstanding bills, so she no longer has to weigh the risk of losing her electricity in order to buy groceries. Woods was also promoted at her job, an accomplishment she said was possible because she could afford steady childcare through the pilot program.

However, she's anxious about continuing to support herself without basic income — she received her final payment in May. Woods is hopeful she and her daughter can stay in Atlanta to build her career, instead of having to move back to her hometown in Mississippi.

"My hope is to figure something out where I can put us in a better situation and she can grow up living a better life than I did," she said.

Georgia's program is one of over 100 basic-income pilots that have been tried across the US. The no-strings cash typically offers low-income Americans $50 to $2,000 a month for a set period of time to help them pay for rent, food, healthcare, transportation, or other basic needs.

In May, The Georgia Resilience and Opportunity Fund — a nonprofit focused on racial equity and poverty solutions — released a report on the pilot's first-year impacts. Based on surveys and interviews, researchers compared participants with about 2,000 other low-income women in Georgia who were not selected to receive payments in the lottery but met the criteria for the program.

Compared to non-participants, women receiving basic income were more able to afford bills and pay down debt.

Georgia GBI participants felt more financially stable and housing secure

The goal of the Georgia pilot was to support Black women experiencing financial insecurity and experiment with basic income as an economic policy, per the one-year report.

From a financial standpoint, women receiving basic income were less likely than non-participants to skip phone and utility payments, overdraft their bank accounts, or be behind on credit card and loan payments.

And, with less cost pressure, participants were better able to access medical care — and less likely to experience mental health challenges like anxiety or depression.

Additionally, the number of participants experiencing home evictions and utility shut-offs in 2022 was lower than non-participants. Women receiving basic income were more housing stable, made on-time rent payments, and had access to healthy food.

What's more, participants were 60% more likely to be enrolled in higher education. Some participants said GBI allowed them to get degrees, management training certifications, or LLC licenses for their businesses.

Mothers enrolled in the pilot reported the ability to save for their children's education at a rate 13% higher than those outside the program. Many parents also spent some of their basic income on activities for their children, like summer camp or cheerleading dues.

To be sure, Georgia's program results reflect the short-term impacts of cash payments on participants. It's not yet clear if basic income will affect the participants' long-term housing or financial security now that payments have concluded, and not all economic experts or policymakers agree that GBI is a sustainable policy solution. The data is also based on participant's self-reported experiences.

The final In Her Hands report — with results from the second year of the program — will be available at the end of 2024.

As basic income faces opposition, Georgia plans to continue programs

Lawsuits and Republican-led bans are challenging basic income programs across the US, with some aimed at women of color.

A basic income program providing $1,000 a month to pregnant Black women in San Francisco was sued last year. In an effort to halt the program, a conservative public interest firm alleged that the city's use of public money for cash payments was unlawful because the pilot selected participants on a "racially exclusionary basis."

Still, The Georgia Resilience and Opportunity Fund and GiveDirectly plan to continue providing cash assistance to low-income women in Georgia.

In fact, a second phase of the In Her Hands program began in May. The additional pilot provides cash aid to about 270 Black women in Atlanta's English Avenue, Vine City, Bankhead, and Washington Park neighborhoods. Participants could choose between two basic income structures: either $1,000 a month for three years or $800 a month for three years with a lump sum payout of $8,000 at the time of the participant's choosing.

The Georgia Resilience and Opportunity Fund is also planning to launch a "baby bonds" pilot in early 2025, a six-year program that would give 250 babies in Georgia's Black communities a trust account of $40,000, and provide their families with $500 a month in basic income. Like a similar baby bond program in Connecticut, the pilot seeks to combat infant and childhood poverty.

Even with an uncertain future, Woods said Georgia's GBI pilot helped her learn how to manage finances for her family.

"I really wanted that for my daughter," Woods said. "I wanted to build a really good foundation — put her in good schools and really invest in her education. I still want that."

Have you benefited from a guaranteed basic income program? Are you open to sharing how you spent the money? If so, reach out to this reporter at allisonkelly@businessinsider.com.

• I asked other parents for advice about what to do when teenagers start dating. 
• As a mom of three teens, I wanted some help getting through this phase.
• I learned to set simple expectations and allow room for mistakes.

People give advice about a lot of things when you have kids: potty training, discipline, and even what they eat. All this gets us through until we enter the teen years. Then, parents are left in a no-man's land with only a few memes to survive. Somehow, we are supposed to know what to do when our kids start dating.

I had three kids in three and a half years, and now that they're all teens, we are in the thick of teen dating. Instead of simply gritting my teeth and white-knuckling my way through, I wanted to figure it out with a little more grace. To do so, I needed help, so I asked people further along in their parenting journey for help. The advice I got was priceless.

Start by loving the people your kids love

The idea of loving the people your kids love may sound obvious, especially with their friendships. It becomes even more important when your kids start dating. One of the best things you can do is to show interest in learning about the people your teens are dating.

Ask questions about what they're like and what they're interested in. But here's the secret to making it sound less like an interrogation: don't ask a bunch of questions at once, stay casual, and smile through it all.

One day, when I was struggling with my oldest daughter's first serious relationship, a friend told me, "Invite the boyfriend." She said it's that simple. Include your teen's partner in as much as you can. Welcome them for dinner. Bring them to the movie. Include them in family outings, and make them feel welcome and loved. Doing this shows your teen how much you love them and helps you get to know the person your teen is dating.

Be clear about expectations and keep them simple

There is no set of rules that works for every family, especially when it comes to dating. As I navigate this season, I'm learning to be as clear and loving about expectations as possible. The more I talk to my kids with respect and offer simple boundaries, the smoother things tend to go.

When my oldest started dating, I had no idea what to do. Instead of making a complex set of rules, I thought about what was most important to me — communication and respect — and focused on that. The rules themselves are simple: You go where you say you'll go, you're home when you say you'll be home. We talk about these things ahead of time and agree to them so both know what is expected.

Make room for mistakes

This was the piece of advice I was least prepared for. I thought it would be as simple as setting expectations that everyone would follow. The reality is, however, that we will all make mistakes — even parents.

When one of my kids lied about their plans, I was blindsided. My husband and I addressed it with them. Instead of the conversation going smoothly, tempers flared and I didn't handle it well. After we cooled off, I realized my reaction made the situation worse. I didn't sweep my behavior under the rug; instead, I apologized and reopened the conversation. It wasn't easy, but we worked things through.

Dating is not simply a time for kids to break away from their parents. Just like those younger years, it is an opportunity for parents to guide and model how to handle situations. When we make room for mistakes and show how to work through them, we teach our kids how to do the same. There will likely be some disagreements when your teens are dating, but with good communication, you can get to the other side together.