"What you really want," the OpenAI CEO told the MIT Technology Review, is a "super-competent colleague that knows absolutely everything about my whole life, every email, every conversation I've ever had, but doesn't feel like an extension."
And they're self-starters that don't need constant direction. They'll tackle some tasks, presumably simpler ones, instantly, Altman said. They'll make a first pass at more complex tasks, and come back to the user if they have questions.
The bottom line is that Altman wants AI to function as more than just a chatbot. It should help people accomplish things in the real world, he said.
That would be a massive step up from what OpenAI offers right now.
Altman reportedly referred to ChatGPT as "incredibly dumb" even though workers are already using it to accelerate their workflows, develop code, write emails, and more. So, there's no telling how much more productive we'll get once Altman's magical model colleague hits the market.
Altman didn't specify when this tool will be available and how advanced AI must be to support it. The company's other offerings, like the video generator, Sora, and image generator, DALL-E, still require considerable guidance to complete tasks. They also aren't designed to perceive information from the environment and use it to achieve specific goals.
But OpenAI's forthcoming language model, GPT-5, might be a step in that direction.
A source who's seen it previously told BI it was "materially better" than existing models. The source also said that OpenAI is developing a service where users could call an AI agent to perform tasks autonomously.
Sources have said GPT-5 might be out mid-year. Altman, however, isn't saying much.
"Yes," he simply told reporters this week at an event in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he was asked when OpenAI would release GPT-5.
Shane Guffogg said AI helped him "unlock the musicality" in his paintings.
Soni Mei Images
Shane Guffogg is a multi-media abstract artist with synesthesia, meaning he "hears color."
Guffogg worked with AI experts and musicians to compose music that corresponds to his paintings.
He believes AI is still a tool that "needs oversight" but it's enhanced his creative process.
This is an as-told-to conversation with Shane Guffogg, an American artist who launched "At the Still Point of the Turning World – Strangers of Time," an exhibition of 21 paintings at the Venice Biennale earlier this month. This conversation has been condensed and edited for clarity.
So, what I'm listening to when I paint is important. I listen to Indian classical music, Gregorian chants, and some obscure composers such as György Ligeti, Leo Ornstein, and Terry Riley. The music sparks my creativity and allows me to be completely present and in that moment.
For years, I've been preoccupied with what my paintings might sound like. The AI revolution pushed me to search for experts who could help me. My first point of contact was Radhika Dirks, an AI and quantum computing expert. We had a couple of Zoom sessions, and she told me — to the best of her knowledge — that no AI program could help me. Instead, she suggested I create a visual alphabet that matched the musical chords I heard in my mind to colors.
I thought it could be a way to propel my creativity. It also built upon the idea of an unconscious alphabet that has informed my art throughout my career.
I met with musicians and AI experts to create a visual alphabet
I started by looking for musicians to collaborate with and met Anthony Cardella, a young, incredibly gifted pianist in Los Angeles. He's a Ph.D. student at USC and happened to know — and even play — many obscure composers I listen to when I paint.
We started collaborating. We would sit down and examine my paintings together. I would zoom in on a color in Photoshop, look at it, and sensorially feel the musical note. Then I would tell Anthony. I'd say, for example, I think that's the color of the note B. He'd hit the B, and I'd say, "No, that's not it; try a B sharp?" After a few trials, he'd suddenly hit the right notes. I would know because the colors would begin to vibrate for me. Together, we've charted chords that correspond to 40 colors.
Soon after, I met an AI researcher named Jonah Lynch through mutual contacts. He works at the intersection of the digital humanities and machine learning. I invited him over to my ranch in central California and explained the work I had been doing and how I created my paintings. We had long discussions about art, poetry, and creating an AI algorithm that could be fed the chords.
He developed a program to "read'' my paintings and convert them into music. I gave him the main colors I used in each painting and the chords I hear when I see those colors. Jonah watched videos of me painting, studied the movement of my hands, and wrote software that sampled images of the paintings, following my hand movements, and assigned each color sampled from the paintings to its corresponding chord. Then, he fed this sequence of chords into a neural network that has memorized most of the last 500 years of keyboard music. He prompted the network to "dream" of new sequences based on the color-chord sequences and the history of Western music to create pages of sheet music.
When I heard that music played back to me, it brought tears to my eyes. It was just a rough version of what I heard while painting, but I thought, "There it is."
I took the music back to Anthony, the pianist. Amazingly, I could point to the sheet music and tell him what compositions I was listening to while painting, and he'd say, "Yes, I can see it in the chords." The Indian ragas, the Gregorian chants, the Ligeti, and Ornstein — they were all there.
Still, the music was largely a series of chords at that stage. Anthony said we could have melodies if we rearranged it a bit.
AI is still a tool that needs human oversight.
Guffogg's piece, Only Through Time Time is Conquered, was the basis for the sonata Cardella played for guests at the Venice Biennale.
Shane Guffogg
We composed music for several paintings and have played it for audiences worldwide. We held a concert last month at the Forest Lawn Museum in Los Angeles, where I also had a few paintings in a show. The audience could look at the paintings while Anthony played, which was a profound experience. A couple of people cried.
At the launch of my latest exhibition during the opening week of the Venice Biennale, Anthony played the world premiere of a sonata he composed inspired by my painting, Only Through Time Time is Conquered, to a live audience. After the performance, I talked to several people, and they said they could see where the colors and the notes met on the painting. It was something they had never experienced.
I know many people are very afraid of AI, and I, too, see it as a tool that needs human oversight. It's not a means to an end. Still, it opened up many possibilities and enhanced my creative process. I don't know if I could have unlocked the musicality in my paintings in a real way without it.
Nick Fuentes, a far-right commentator, is set to return to X.
Elon Musk bought X in 2022, promoting free speech absolutism.
Musk has faced backlash and advertisers withdrawing from the platform since taking over.
Nick Fuentes, a controversial far-right political commentator and live streamer, is set to return to X.
Elon Musk, the platform's CEO since 2022, wrote, "it is better to have anti whatever out in the open to be rebutted than grow simmering in the darkness."
Very well, he will be reinstated, provided he does not violate the law, and let him be crushed by the comments and Community Notes.
It is better to have anti whatever out in the open to be rebutted than grow simmering in the darkness.
Fuentes's extremist past includes attending a 2017 white nationalist rally in Virginia, criticizing interracial marriage, and defending Jim Crow-era segregation.
The Anti-Defamation League describes Fuentes as a white supremacist, anti-semite, and 2020 election-denier "who seeks to forge a white nationalist alternative to the mainstream GOP."
Fuentes has denied the Holocaust and said "perfidious Jews" should be executed, the Times of Israel reports.
He has also praised Hitler, calling him "cool."
When Elon Musk bought X for $44 billion in October 2022, he set out to defend free speech absolutism on the platform.
Contentious figures including Donald Trump, Kanye West, Jordan Peterson, and Andrew Tate have had their accounts restored.
When Musk first took over the platform, the use of the N-word jumped by almost 500% as trolls tested the limits on free speech.
Nick Fuentes' flirting with hate-speech has meant he has had a rocky relationship with X and Twitter before it. He was first banned from Twitter in December 2021 for flouting moderation rules and was re-banned in October 2022 after creating a new account under Musk's leadership.
At the time, Musk said he didn't want the social media platform to become a "free-for-all hellscape."
Fuentes made a very brief comeback in January of 2023 when he was resuspended only after one day back on the platform, Reuters reports.
His final post before his reappearance this week was made on January 25, 2023, when he posted an antisemitic chart indicating which media figures have Jewish heritage. "Who controls your mind?" the image is titled.
Democrats are pressuring Warren Buffett to reopen his wallet for political donations.
The billionaire's influence could swing results in Omaha, clearing a victory path for Biden.
Meanwhile, conservatives are backing efforts to push Nebraska to a winner-take-all system.
The pressure is on for Warren Buffett to reengage in political donations — something he's avoided for the last five years.
Democrats are counting on the billionaire's political generosity to clinch key races in the 2024 election, Bloomberg reported.
"Anytime that the Buffetts get engaged, it signals to other donors that it's more important to give," Jane Kleep, the State Democratic Party chair, told Bloomberg.
In a scenario typical of American elections these days, the presidency could come down to Omaha's single electoral vote. Nebraska has five electoral votes in total up for grabs, but the state is just one of two that awards votes to the winners of each congressional district rather than a winner-takes-all system.
In what is expected to be a closely contested election, it will come down to several battleground states to determine whether President Joe Biden or Donald Trump triumphs. If Biden secures Omaha's vote and wins Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin (a trio he swept in the 2020 election), he will keep the White House.
Many are confident that Buffett's hometown, which some call "Joemaha," will go for the incumbent, who won the corresponding congressional district in 2020. But Trump won the district in 2016, leaving others anxious about Biden's chances, according to Bloomberg.
It could all depend on how much money Democrats have to spend in the district.
"I do hope they get more involved in this cycle in a visible way, because Buffett brings all the good luck," Kleep told Bloomberg.
"I am steadfast in my commitment to get winner-take-all over the finish line, thereby honoring our constitutional founding, unifying our state, and ending the three-decade-old mistake of allocating Nebraska's electoral votes differently than all but one other state," Republican Gov. Jim Pillen tweeted in April, committing to sign the bill if it makes it to his desk via a special legislative session.
Pro Israeli activists prepare to confront people at a pro-Palestinian encampment protesting the war in Gaza on the campus of the University of Chicago on May 03, 2024.
Scott Olson/Getty Images
Rep. Mike Collins appeared to praise University of Mississippi students for racist chants.
A video on X showed students engaging in racial taunts towards a Black war protester.
This isn't the first instance of controversial comments from Collins on social media.
Republican Rep. Mike Collins appeared to praise a large group of University of Mississippi students who taut a Black student protesting the Israel-Hamas war.
"Ole Miss taking care of business," the congressman from Georgia posted on X on Friday, with a link to a video showing the racist chants.
In the video, the predominantly white male counter-protesters can be seen shouting at a Black woman standing opposite.
The footage shows the woman filming as dozens of protesters scream, "Lizzo" and "fuck you fat ass" at her.
The camera pans to show a man jumping up and down making monkey noises at her. Security guards attempt to insert themselves between the two sides, ordering her to return to her side of the demonstration.
University of Mississippi Chancellor Glenn Boyce said in a statement Friday seen by the Associated Press that the school had launched a "student conduct investigation" and that university leaders were "working to determine whether more cases are warranted."
"To be clear, people who say horrible things to people because of who they are will not find shelter or comfort on this campus," he said.
The protest was part of a larger wave of demonstrations across US college campuses in response to the Israel-Hamas war.
Business Insider has not yet received a reply from Collins' office to clarify what was meant by his post on X. The request was sent outside regular working hours.
In March, Collins was accused of antisemitism for remark about Jewish writer in response to a racist, antisemitic account on X, which appeared to suggest that a Washington Post reporter was Jewish.
Collins suggested in a follow-up post that because the account was called @GarbageHuman23, he simply agreed that the reporter was a "garbage human" because she'd written in a recent story that the US had been built on stolen land.
"I guess pointing out that a Washington Post journo excusing crime because she believes USA is on 'stolen land' makes her a garbage human is anti-Semitic? Y'all just see stuff that ain't there," Collins wrote.
Warren Buffett issued a grave warning about artificial intelligence.
The Berkshire Hathaway CEO predicted it would supercharge fraud by making scams far more convincing.
The investor likened AI to the atom bomb, saying the world has let the "genie out of the bottle."
Warren Buffett has raised the alarm on AI, warning it threatens to supercharge fraud by making scams more convincing than ever.
"Scamming has always been part of the American scene," the famed investor and Berkshire CEO said during his company's annual shareholder meeting on Saturday.
But Buffett said that images and videos created using artificial intelligence have become so convincing that it's virtually impossible to discern if they're real or not.
"When you think of the potential of scamming people … if I was interested in scamming, it's going to be the growth industry of all time," he said.
He recalled seeing a deepfake video of himself that a fraudster was using to ask strangers for cash.
"I practically would have sent money to myself over in some crazy country," he quipped.
Buffett also likened the advent of AI to the creation of the atom bomb, echoing comments he made at last year's Berkshire meeting.
"We let the genie out of the bottle when we developed nuclear weapons," he said. "That genie's been doing some terrible things lately. The power of the genie scares the hell out of me."
"AI is somewhat similar," Buffett added. "We may wish we'd never seen that genie."
The billionaire, who touted AI's enormous potential years before ChatGPT's release, emphasized he's no expert in the nascent tech.
"I don't know anything about AI, but that doesn't mean I deny its existence or importance or anything of the sort," he said.
Kim Jong Un, supreme leader of North Korea, pictured in Pyongyang in 2020.
API | Getty Images
Kim Jong Un's latest propaganda song, "Friendly Father," is trending on TikTok.
The song is part of North Korea's strategy to embed ideological messages in catchy pop tunes.
TikTok, a Chinese-owned platform, could soon be banned by the US.
North Korean leader Kim Jong Un dropped his latest propaganda song a fortnight ago, and the synth-pop track is seemingly winning over TikTokers, BBC News reported.
With its upbeat tempo and catchy melody, "Friendly Father" is reminiscent of an ABBA track — but with a Soviet-sounding twist.
While experts say the song is a calculated attempt to feed state propaganda to the masses, TikTokers are just enjoying the tune. Posts about the song have garnered millions of likes.
"On Spotify when," one user wrote.
"This song is like the end of a movie where the whole town gathers together and sings in unity while spinning in a circle," says another of the upbeat video.
North Korean Central Television has released a music video for the song "Friendly Father" praising Kim Jong Un
But such catchy tunes are purposefully designed to be accessible and simple to sing, making them easy to repeat and ensuring their ideological messages can be spread to the masses.
"The idea is they want to motivate, to strive towards a common goal for the benefit of the nation. They don't tend to produce songs like ballads," Alexandra Leonzini, a University of Cambridge scholar who researches North Korean music, told BBC News.
"All artistic output in North Korea must serve the class education of citizens and more specifically educate them as to why they should feel a sense of gratitude, a sense of loyalty to the party," she added.
It seems that the state's latest song has a particular aim of boosting the profile of Kim Jong Un, presenting him as more of a "father figure" like his grandfather, Kim Il Sung, and his father, Kim Jong Il.
It is an attempt to "elevate his status and stature" to their level, as he has previously had to rely on their reputations to "indicate his legitimacy to be the successor," Peter Moody, a North Korea analyst at Sungkyunkwan University, told The Telegraph.
"The song has ABBA written all over it. It's upbeat, it could not be more catchy, and a rich set of orchestral-sounding sequences could not be more prominent," Moody told BBC News.
It comes as Chinese-owned short-video platform TikTok faces a ban in the US over data security concerns.
Last month, the US Senate passed a bill that could see TikTok banned in the US unless its parent company, ByteDance, divests itself of the business over the next nine months to a year.
Reuters reported in April that ByteDance would rather close down TikTok in the US than sell it if legal means to fight the proposed ban fail.
Biden addressing campus protests over Israel at the White House on Thursday.
Drew Angerer/AFP via Getty Images
Joe Biden has tried to stake out a middle ground as protests spread across college campuses.
Polling shows that the protests are unpopular.
At the same time, Biden needs to keep his coalition of voters intact to win reelection.
As protests against Israel's war in Gaza have popped up on college campuses nationwide — at times devolving into chaos and violence — it's not surprising that President Joe Biden hasn't publicly embraced them.
After denouncing some of the protests as being out-of-bounds on Thursday, Biden told reporters that the demonstrations haven't led him to reconsider his stance on the war. That's not just because of his long-standing support for Israel, but because he has historically been skeptical of protest movements in general.
Polling has shown that pro-Palestinian protests are unpopular in general, despite widespread concerns about Israel's conduct in the war. A recent Morning Consult poll found that 47% of voters supported banning "pro-Palestinian demonstrations on campuses," versus 30% who were opposed and 23% who were unsure.
Americans' views on the ongoing campus protests and how universities should respond to them, broken out by age group:
Polling continues to show Biden running neck-and-neck with former President Donald Trump ahead of their November rematch, and the president and his campaign are likely trying to mitigate as much possible electoral damage as they can. It's also worth noting that the college-aged students taking part in these protests are part of a demographic that usually struggles to turn out on Election Day.
The president is part of a generation of Democrats that viewed close ties to Israel as a bedrock part of American foreign policy. During the 2020 Democratic presidential primary, he also kept his distance from the progressive activists and lawmakers that now undergird much of the party's criticism of Israel.
Compared to President Barack Obama, Biden was far more circumspect about criticizing Israel during its 2014 war, according to an NBC News report — and that conflict pales in comparison to the current one.
Even Biden's roots come with a distance toward protest movements. Unlike other lawmakers of his generation, Biden largely stayed away from the Vietnam War protests that sparked upheaval on college campuses nationwide.
"I was in law school," Biden said of the Vietnam War protests, per The New York Times. "I wore sport coats."
It remains to be seen whether Biden will pay the price at the ballot box for his positioning. He was already facing a growing electoral challenge from the Uncommitted movement, with progressives, young voters, and Arab and Muslim American voters withholding their support for Biden over his support for Israel.
The race between Biden and Trump is so close that even the vocal minority of young voters staying home could be a big problem for the president.
However, Americans traditionally don't peg their votes to foreign policy issues. Both historic and current polling shows voters are far more concerned about the economy.
A recent CBS News-YouGov poll of Michigan likely voters found that of 10 potential issues, the war between Israel and Hamas was the least likely to be a major factor in which candidate a voter would support — the most important issues by far were the economy and inflation.
Even among young voters, the trend remains the same. A Harvard Youth Poll of 18-to-29-year-olds nationwide found that the war was far less important to voters than inflation or healthcare.
In a new book, photographer Joshua Charow documents the rich history of New York City's artist lofts.
Protected by the Loft Law, a generation of artists were able to preserve their live-work spaces.
Nearly impossible in today's rental market, these spaces still inspire people around the world.
When he was a teenager, photographer Joshua Charow would sneak into buildings around New York City in search of the perfect rooftop shot. One factory in Brooklyn's South Williamsburg held his fascination as he discovered the raw, eclectic live-work spaces of artist's lofts.
In his early 20s, Charow returned to the building hoping to live there himself. He soon discovered he was "ten years too late" — all the lofts were taken by tenants living under New York City's historic Loft Law, protections for loft tenants passed in the early 1980s.
Fascinated by the Loft Law's history and its impact on New York City's culture and legacy, Charow mapped out every building that fell under this protection and set out to document the residents who are still benefiting from the law.
Over two years, he photographed 75 tenants and collected their stories into "Loft Law, The Last of New York City's Original Artist Lofts," now available from Damiani Books.
Here's more on Charow's research of the Loft Law and a look at six of the subjects he covers in his book.
In the late 19th century and early 20th century, downtown New York City was a hub of manufacturing.
Lower Manhattan was once an industrial hub.
Alexander Spatari/Getty
Cast-iron buildings with floor-through workrooms and ground-level shops populated the neighborhoods of Lower Manhattan, writes Charow.
When manufacturing moved out of American cities in the 1950's, many of these buildings were abandoned.
Manhattan's Tribeca neighborhood, where many lofts are located.
Mihai Andritoiu/Getty
Slated only for commercial use that no longer existed, New York City officials largely left these buildings untouched without a plan for their future, according to Charow.
However, many artists struck deals with landlords who looked the other way and allowed them to live there for cheap.
The raw interiors of an industrial loft made for a perfect studio space.
Orbon Alija/Getty
Landlords were happy to find any income for the spaces they chalked up to be practically worthless, Charow explains.
Some lofts didn't have electricity, heat, or a working kitchen, but artists loved the cheap rent and plentiful space to have both a home and studio.
A view of neighborhood containing cast-iron structures in New York.
Alexander Spatari/Getty
Artists taking over factories, warehouse, and even theaters "transformed formerly derelict neighborhoods into the cultural epicenter of the world," writes Charow.
As loft living became fashionable, many landlords tried to evict the artists who made the lofts hospitable, Charow explains.
Many people wanted to imitate the loft lifestyle, writes Charow.
Alexander Spatari/Getty
A group of artists formed the organization Lower Manhattan Loft Tenants in 1979 and lobbied politicians, arguing their essential cultural role in the city. They won.
The Loft Law passed in 1982, creating eviction protections and rent stabilization for those who could prove they lived in a commercial space with the landlord’s consent before 1982, according to Charow.
Today, the lofts exist among some of the most expensive real estate in the city.
Alexander Spatari/Getty
"If you're lucky enough to walk into one of their studios, you will be transported back to the year they moved in, to a New York that doesn't exist anymore," writes Charow.
Betsy Kaufman, Tribeca
Betsy Kaufman.
Courtesy of Joshua Charow
Painter Betsy Kaufman's original rent in 1979 for a different Tribeca loft was $450. In 1981, she moved into the space she still resides in today. Kaufman keeps her living space in the back of the apartment and uses the space near the soaring windows for her work, according to Charow.
"I think it's a lot of painters' dream to live and to have longevity as an artist," she told Charow about her life in the loft.
Carmen Cicero, The Bowery
Carmen Cicero
Courtesy of Joshua Charow
The Bowery, a downtown neighborhood in Manhattan, has one of the highest concentrations of Loft Law-protected buildings in the city, according to Charow.
The 97-year-old painter Carmen Cicero lives in a fourth-floor walkup in the neighborhood where for the past four decades he's been able to hone his craft.
His works are now in the permanent collections of the Whitney Museum of American Art, the Smithsonian Art Institute, and the Museum of Modern Art.
But when he first moved into his loft in 1971, the space, he told Charow, was a "flophouse" with separate rooms divided by chicken wire.
"Oh my God, it was just a horror," he told Charow. "There were no shades. I said, well, people are looking in, and I hate that. I didn't want to take my clothes off."
JG Thirlwell, Dumbo
JG Thirwell
Courtesy of Joshua Charow
JG Thirlwell is a musician who once performed in the experimental and punk scenes, and now mixes classical music and jazz, as well as scores film and TV. He moved into his Brooklyn loft in 1987 and created a home studio among the arched windows and 14-foot ceilings.
"Loft living is not for everyone." Thirlwell told Charow. "There's not adequate heat, and it's not like you can call up the super because there is no super. You're responsible for everything in here, and not everyone wants a life like that."
Kimiko Fujimura, Chinatown
Kimiko Fujimura
Courtesy of Joshua Charow
Painter Kimiko Fujimura moved from Tokyo to New York over 50 years ago. In the first SoHo loft she occupied in the city, a fire broke out destroying more than a hundred of her paintings, Charow said.
Now, she lives on the top floor of a former bow and ribbon factory in Manhattan's Chinatown neighborhood, where she's been since 1979. She has created murals for the World Trade Center, Roseland Ballroom, and a Louis Vuitton store in Tokyo.
Marsha Pels, Greenpoint
Marsha Pels
Courtesy of Joshua Charow
Sculptor Marsha Pels lives in a glass factory built in 1852 that sold items to Mary Todd Lincoln for the White House, according to Charow.
A massive 20-foot door and two hoists let Pels move her giant sculptures in and out of the building and around the studio.
She told Charow she's lived in lofts throughout the city including the East Village and SoHo neighborhoods of Manhattan, and Red Hook and Greenpoint neighborhoods of Brooklyn.
Steve Silver, Williamsburg
Steve Silver
Courtesy of Joshua Charow
The Bronx-born painter Steve Silver has lived in a 5,000 square foot Williamsburg loft since 1979, where just one of his paintings that is made up of 112 pieces is mounted on a massive 12×16 foot wall.
His building has begun to attract much wealthier tenants. A loft half the size of his home below him rents for $11,000 per month, writes Charow.
A caption accompanying the video reads: "It seems that in recent weeks, Putin's generals have been making a large-scale sacrifice to their hellish gods, throwing new forces and equipment to their death."
"The result is dozens of burned-out Russian tanks and armored vehicles," it continues.
The Ukrainian Defense Ministry reshared the video on X, formerly Twitter, writing: "A line to hell. Dozens of Russian tanks and combat vehicles were destroyed on a small section of the front in the Donetsk region."
Business Insider was unable to independently verify when or where the footage was taken.
A line to hell. Dozens of russian tanks and combat vehicles were destroyed on a small section of the front in the Donetsk region.
Fighting has intensified in the Donetsk region in recent months as Russia pushes to take more ground around the already-captured city of Avdiivka.
Russian forces are currently targeting the strategically important city of Chasiv Yar, just to the north.
Ukrainian officials believe that Russia is now intent on seizing the regions of both Donetsk and Luhansk in 2024.
Destroyed Russian tank in Donetsk Oblast
Ukraine's 58th Motorized Brigade.
The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) think tank reported in February that Russia's campaign around Avdiivka had resulted in significant losses to both equipment and personnel.
The report said that at that time, Russia had lost 8,800 armored fighting vehicles since it launched its full-scale invasion in February 2022.
The director-general of the IISS also said in February that Russia had likely lost more than 3,000 tanks since the invasion began.
"To put that into perspective, Russia's battlefield tank losses are greater than the number it had when it launched its offensive in 2022," he wrote.
Dutch open-source intelligence website Oryx puts visually confirmed Russian tank losses since the start of the conflict at just under 3,000.