• Shapes raised $24 million for its AI-powered modular HR platform.
• The startup offers customizable HR tools and AI agents for onboarding, payroll, and retention.
• Business Insider got an exclusive look at the pitch deck it used to raise the funding.

A Tel Aviv startup that uses AI agents to automate HR processes like onboarding and compensation has raised $24 million in funding.

The HR platform from Shapes essentially offers an app store of AI-based HR tools.

"It means that you can manage your employees your own way. You can install different apps and agents in order to do the job for you," Shapes cofounder and CEO Arnon Nir told Business Insider.

For example, an AI agent can proactively notify a member of HR that an employee is at risk of leaving, based on data points such as low salary, high performance, and recent absences.

The startup's AI agents can automate other workflows, such as payroll or contract drafting, based on prompts from HR staff. Employees can use the platform for HR tasks such as booking time off and also ask AI agents for information, including details about company policies.

Shapes, which has rebranded from DreamTeam, was founded in 2020 by Nir and Shirley Baumer, who were previously founding members of HR tech company Monday.com.

In addition to the app store-like structure, which the startup calls "PeopleOS," customers can build their own bespoke applications on the platform using prompts, similar to vibe coding.

Shapes says its modular design can help companies scale up and down as the size of workforces fluctuates in the AI era.

"Every company needs to rethink its structure, its people, its culture. And every company needs to kind of find itself from scratch," Baumer told Business Insider.

The HR tech market is highly competitive, with an increasing number of players — such as Workday and HiBob — integrating AI into their solutions. Nir said the modular nature of its software is one of its competitive advantages.

"Every company works differently. You want to give them the power to decide what they want to use," Nir said.

Shapes says it has "hundreds of customers" located in 79 countries and spanning 14 industries, including retail, manufacturing, and technology. Its customers include Quantum Machines, NextSilicon, Healthee, Arena Entertainment, and Imagen, according to Shapes. It operates as a software-as-a-service business model, charging a flat rate per employee at the company.

The funding consists of $15 million in Series A, closed in October, and a previously unannounced $4.5 million seed investment, as well as a $4.5 million seed extension. The Series A round was led by Entrée Capital, with participation from NFX and F2 Venture Capital, which led the seed round.

Shapes said it would use the funding to more than double its head count over the next year and expand into new markets.

Here's an exclusive look at the 10-page pitch deck Shapes used to raise $24 million.

• Howard Marks warned that AI threatens purpose and structure, not just workers' paychecks.
• He said UBI can't replace the self-worth and identity people get from work.
• He called AI's employment outlook "terrifying" as jobs and meaning erode.

"Terrifying."

That's one of the words legendary investor Howard Marks used to describe the impacts of AI on the workforce.

"I find the resulting outlook for employment terrifying. I am enormously concerned about what will happen to the people whose jobs AI renders unnecessary, or who can't find jobs because of it," Marks wrote in his latest blog post on Tuesday.

The billionaire and cofounder of Oaktree Capital Management has been writing memos for 35 years; in one recent post, he experimented with using AI to assist him in writing.

Tech leaders such as Elon Musk and OpenAI CEO Sam Altman have called for versions of a universal basic income — a guaranteed income paid regularly to all adults if jobs become obsolete — as a solution to AI-related job and pay loss.

But Mark said that even if governments find a way to fund universal basic incomes, it doesn't account for a key issue: That people get a lot more from jobs than just a paycheck.

"A job gives them a reason to get up in the morning, imparts structure to their day, gives them a productive role in society and self-respect," he said.

"How will these things be replaced? I worry about large numbers of people receiving subsistence checks and sitting around idle all day," he added.

The estimates on how many jobs will be affected by AI vary. An IMF analysis from 2024 suggested that around 60% of jobs in advanced economies will be affected by AI, with half benefiting from the technology and the other being negatively impacted by it.

A McKinsey Global Institute report released last month found that technologies could automate more than half of US work hours.

But Marks isn't alone in worrying about what happens to meaning when work vanishes.

Kate O'Neill, a tech advisor who helps companies navigate AI ethics and digital transformation, said in a recent TED Talk that as we hand more decisions and language over to AI, we risk surrendering a fundamentally human capacity — creating meaning from lived experience — not just losing tasks to machines.

James Barrat, author of "The Intelligence Explosion: When AI Beats Humans at Everything," told Business Insider he believes people can find new purpose in a universal basic income world through volunteering and community service work — but only after a long, painful transition in which many lose jobs before rebuilding meaning somewhere else.

What careers should the next generation prepare for?

If AI is set to reshape work as profoundly as some people expect, tech leaders say young people will need to develop skill sets machines can't easily mimic.

Geoffrey Hinton, the so-called godfather of AI, has said that "mundane intellectual labor" roles are most at risk because of AI.

"I'd say it's going to be a long time before it's as good at physical manipulation," Hinton said of AI earlier this year. "So a good bet would be to be a plumber."

OpenAI's chief economist, Ronnie Chatterji, said he is teaching his kids the importance of critical thinking, emotional intelligence, and flexibility — preparing them for a world in which job titles shift faster than curricula can keep pace.

Elon Musk recently said that while some of his older children recognize how quickly their skills could be overtaken by AI, he still supports them going to college.

"If you want to go to college for social reasons, I think that's a reason to go — to be around people your own age in a learning environment," he said.

"If you do, just try to learn as much as possible across a wide range of subjects," he added.

• I've always loved receiving holiday cards, but since I'm not married, I was hesitant to send my own.
• However, 10 years ago, I started sending annual cards that highlight my extensive solo travels.
• My loved ones look forward to receiving my card, and it's become one of my favorite traditions.

Since I was a child, receiving holiday cards has been one of my favorite parts of December.

I love seeing the snapshots families choose to represent their year and reading the little updates that I don't get on social media.

When I was in my 20s, I wanted to start sending my own, but I felt I had to wait for traditional milestones — like getting married and having kids — before it would feel "appropriate."

In my mind, holiday cards seemed like a privilege reserved for conventional lives.

As the years went by, I continued to see stories about unmarried, single, or child-free women sending holiday cards that poked fun at their status. They'd pose with sad faces and wine bottles or include clever quips about being alone once again.

Every year, without fail, someone would send me these articles as if I could relate, but I couldn't. To each their own, of course, but I never saw my life as something to be made fun of, and I definitely didn't feel sorry for myself.

So, I created a new holiday card tradition — one that celebrates my beautiful and full life.

I realized I was proud of my life and wanted to share that pride with friends and family

As I neared 30, I started doing a lot of solo traveling and set the goal of visiting all 63 major US national parks on my own by the time I turned 40.

Though I was posting some of my trips on social media, I also wanted to share them more personally with my friends and family.

Finally, I decided to print a holiday card featuring a photo from a summer trip I took to Canada — a simple shot of my backpack overlooking the mountains of Banff National Park.

I hesitated for a while before mailing them, worried that friends and family might find it narcissistic or odd to receive a card with only me in it.

However, many who received the card reached out to express their love for the photo and how happy they were to get it in the mail.

My card has become a way to celebrate the life I've built

I've kept the tradition going ever since — for nearly 10 years now, through my entire 30s, I've sent a card filled with my favorite photos from the year's solo adventures.

Friends and family often ask well in advance if they're still on my mailing list and tell me how much they look forward to receiving them.

For me, sharing these more personal photos — the ones I cherish most — in a tangible, intimate way has become a highlight of the season.

Creating the cards each year makes me feel empowered, proud of my accomplishments, and confident in the life I've chosen.

More than anything, it's a reminder that holiday cards can celebrate joy, connection, and the version of life you're proud to live — however unconventional it may be.

• This post originally appeared in the Business Insider Today newsletter.
• You can sign up for Business Insider's daily newsletter here.

A startup nabbing a $14 billion investment from one of the top tech companies seems like a good thing. The reality is a lot more complicated.

Scale AI has faced a turbulent five months since Meta purchased a 49% stake in the startup, write BI's Charles Rollet and Ben Bergman. Once a leader in the field of stress testing and perfecting AI models for Big Tech, Scale AI has faced pay cuts, poaching, and pivots since the Meta deal.

It's representative of how dealmaking with big players can be a double-edged sword in the age of AI.

For some, like Scale AI cofounder Alexandr Wang, who's now a high-level Meta exec, the deal was a windfall. However, according to interviews with five current and former contractors and internal correspondence obtained by BI, Scale AI has faced some inner turmoil following the Meta deal.

Joe Osborne, a Scale AI spokesperson, strongly disputed that the startup's business has been in trouble since the Meta investment and said this quarter is on track to be the company's biggest of the year.

Not all of Scale AI's issues are related to the Meta deal. A BI investigation this June found Scale AI routinely used public Google Docs for work with its Big Tech clients. (There was no indication of a breach, and Scale did lock down the documents after BI's report about the issue.) It also faced litigation over claims it misclassified and underpaid contract workers.

But one of the larger problems stems from some Big Tech companies pausing work with Scale now that one of their competitors — Meta — is its biggest backer.

The AI environment means more startups could encounter similar issues.

The Scale AI-Meta deal was unique in many ways, but there are still lessons to be learned from the aftermath.

The top-heavy ecosystem of the AI marketplace means there are a limited number of landing spots for startups looking for exit opportunities. Add in the ultra-competitive nature of the space, and a deal with one company could mean the end of business with the others.

Of course, not every startup will get acquired by a tech giant. And yes, some startups will have products that companies will need to use regardless of their backers. But for the vast majority of young AI companies, that's not a reality.

So, if the industry faces a bit of turmoil and funding dries up, startups may have some difficult decisions about who they cut deals with and which doors could close to them.

• A Ukrainian arms maker says future warfare is one soldier controlling drone swarms with autonomy.
• It's tech Ukraine and some partners are working on because it gives a single soldier greater impact.
• Ark Robotics' CEO said it's "kind of a prerequisite" for any coming drone warfare.

The future of warfare will demand one soldier being able to control huge swarms of drones that can work together autonomously, a Ukrainian arms maker predicted.

Achi, the CEO of Ukrainian defense firm Ark Robotics, told Business Insider the shift from one drone per pilot to one pilot controlling many is "kind of a prerequisite to be successful in the total drone warfare that is coming to all of us."

With a one-pilot, one-drone system, the only way to scale up drone fleets is by expanding the number of operators.

"This is just not sustainable," Achi told Business Insider, using a pseudonym as a security precaution. "You can scale drone manufacturing much more than you can pilots," he added.

Ark Robotics develops autonomous robots used by over 20 Ukrainian brigades and is creating a system that enables thousands of aerial drones and ground robots, including those not manufactured by the company, to collaborate with minimal human intervention. It's working toward single operator control of many drones.

Countries around the world, from Ukraine to Western allies to rivals like Russia and China, are supercharging combat drone manufacturing. "You can have all these fancy drones," Achi said, but "what is the use of them if you can't really deploy them at scale?"

A need for drone mass

Russia's invasion of Ukraine has involved more drones than any other conflict in history, and innovation in their capabilities has been rapid. The West is paying attention, thinking about what it may need as it worries that Russia could spark a wider conflict with NATO.

Drone technology is critical for Ukraine, vastly outnumbered by Russia's significantly larger military, as it offers mass. But one drone per operator doesn't offer anywhere near the advantage that swarming could. And reducing human involvement and embracing autonomy can accelerate combat action. That's why interest in swarm technology is surging.

There is no confirmed deployment of large, fully autonomous swarms of drones that can act without significant human oversight on the battlefield, but it would be absolutely game-changing.

That kind of capability opens up "a whole world of tactics and strategies that we've not even thought of yet," James Patton Rogers, a drone expert at the Cornell Brooks Tech Policy Institute, previously told Business Insider.

The combat system that Ark is working on, called Frontier, is still in the prototype stage and is just one example of many efforts in Ukraine. The Ukrainian government says the country is pushing for the technology, but "these systems are also just getting started," Achi said.

Ukraine demonstrates that quantity can become a kind of quality, he said, explaining that "to really get an advantage of that, you need these asymmetrical systems that allow you to work with multiple drones at the same time."

That's a lesson for the West as much as it is for Ukraine.

Western officials, defense experts, and industry insiders have cautioned that to meet Russia's style of warfare — heavily attritional, masses of drones and missiles, and intense artillery barrages — militaries need a greater volume of cheap weapons developed and produced quickly, not a limited stockpile of highly advanced systems developed over decades and produced over years.

Drone swarms are key to that kind of war.

The West is working

There's no guarantee that drones would play as significant a role in a war involving the West as they have in Ukraine — in part because Ukraine's reliance on them is tied to shortages of other weaponry and other capability disadvantages.

But many officials still warn that the West needs far more drone and counter-drone capabilities. Swarming systems are among them.

Swedish Defense Minister Pål Jonson told Business Insider that his country identified the need for drone swarms from watching this war and that it has rushed to produce technology to allow one soldier to autonomously control up to 100 drones. It's not clear when that could be operational. Other NATO members are working on this technology, too.

However, there is still no broad NATO-wide investment in these capabilities and no clear sense of when — or whether — they could be fielded. Across the alliance, many officials warn that lessons aren't being acted on fast enough and that production of weaponry remains too slow. It's also unclear how autonomous future systems will actually be.

Achi said the current autonomy in defense systems is "greatly overhyped," but noted that the battlefield shows autonomy is necessary and "past the point of no return."

There is acknowledgment, from industry and officials, that autonomy is needed to break past manpower limits, increase speed, and keep troops safer.

The CEO of Origin Robotics, a drone maker in NATO member Latvia that supplies Ukraine, previously told Business Insider he sees autonomy as essential to NATO’s defense, especially for the smaller member states bordering Russia.

"For a NATO country, you need a scalable solution," Agris Kipurs argued. "Autonomy, in our case, is what allows us to scale. We don't have the numbers in terms of infantry."

Achi said he wants Europe not only to learn from Ukraine and catch up to its drone leadership, but to think further ahead. He described Europe as "having the time" compared to Ukraine, which is fighting for survival.

If Europe's increased defense spending "goes to outdated technology or just wrongly copied technology, it doesn't make any sense to me," he said. "So I want to see them thinking a few steps ahead and taking lessons from the lessons."

• Carinne Meyrignac spent her maternity leave in France, where her baby played with musical books.
• She couldn't find similar products in English, so they had them made.
• She left her corporate job during her second maternity leave.

This as-told-to essay is based on a conversation with Carinne Meyrignac, founder of Cali's Books. It has been edited for length and clarity.

I'm French, but I absolutely love living in LA. Still, during my maternity leave, I returned to Paris to be closer to my family. There, my baby adored singing books. She was only a few months old, but they kept her engaged.

When we returned to America, I couldn't find anything similar. At the same time, I was learning all the English nursery rhymes I hadn't grown up with. I loved singing rhymes like "Twinkle Twinkle Little Star" and "Patty Cake."

Many French nursery rhymes are surprisingly inappropriate. One popular rhyme translates along the lines of "I have some great tobacco, but I won't share it with you." I didn't want to sing that to my baby.

I liked how most of the English rhymes were happy and upbeat, even if they dealt with dark topics like death (as "Ring Around the Rosie" does). I decided to print music books that were fun, joyful, and distinctly American, based on the rhymes my daughter and I both loved.

I had 6,000 books printed, and other people loved them, too

I've always been someone to take action once I have an idea. I came up with the concept in October 2016, and in November, my husband and I travelled to China to meet with a printer. I've worked in Asia before, and have passable Mandarin.

The manufacturer had a minimum print run of 3,000 copies, and I wanted two titles: "Twinkle Twinkle" and "Patty Cake." We had been saving for a new-to-us used car, but instead of upgrading, I spent that money on books.

By my daughter's first birthday in March, I had 6,000 books in my garage. I figured I had presents to give for the rest of my life, but when I started showing the books to local baby stores, people loved them. I calculated how much I would have to make to quit my corporate banking job, but it wasn't financially feasible.

Later that year, my son was born. I again went to France on maternity leave, but when I returned, I found I could no longer do my job. I was awarded a settlement during mediation with my employer.

It was gratifying to have a court say that I had been treated badly. The settlement also gave me the seed money to launch a business — which was important, since I knew I had burned bridges in the niche corporate role I was in.

My husband now works for the business, too

I was able to leverage my corporate skills, like organization, to effectively grow the business. There were significant adjustments, however, such as not receiving a paycheck every month. Although my husband was still working, I felt a lot of pressure to provide for my family, so that was sometimes scary.

Between 2019 and 2021 the business revenue exploded. It was bittersweet though: my mother had just been diagnosed with cancer. Because I owned my own business, I was able to spend time in Europe with her until she died. I'm so grateful for that.

Another milestone came in 2022, when I was able to hire my husband. I don't pay him as much as his previous employer, but now the whole family has flexibility. Then, in 2023, I started paying myself.

Today, the business has published more than 50 titles, and last year we did more than $4.8 million in revenue. I appreciate the independence I have, and I'm proud to be building something tangible that I can leave to my children.

It's the last Fed meeting of the year

The Federal Reserve will announce its December interest rate decision at 2 p.m. ET Wednesday. Business Insider will be covering developments live throughout the day, including economists' insights, market moves, and what it means for your wallet.

Check back here for updates — and tune into our live Q&A with reporters this afternoon at 4 p.m. ET.

• The Morgan Library and Museum showcases JP Morgan's 119-year-old historic library.
• The museum features rare artifacts, including a Gutenberg Bible and a manuscript by Charles Dickens.
• Recent interest has grown due to exhibits on Belle da Costa and "The Personal Librarian."

JPMorgan may now have the most state-of-the-art building on Wall Street, but about 10 blocks south of the shiny, new, $3 billion fortress still sits the 119-year-old library of the bank's founder.

With all the focus on the new kid on the block, I decided to pay a visit to the classic, now known as The Morgan Library & Museum, located on Madison Avenue and 36th Street in Manhattan.

Completed in 1906, John Pierpont (JP) Morgan had the structure built to house his study and library right next to his brownstone residence. Stepping into the original structure, you're immediately transported to the Gilded Age: extravagant paintings line the ceilings of the entry rotunda, deep red wallpaper gives a solemn tone to his study, and wood bookcases display the impressive book collections.

If you're a finance nerd, you may be disappointed in the lack of Wall Street-specific history in the museum. But if you generally appreciate art and culture as much as JP Morgan apparently did, the place is a must-see.

As his wealth grew and the fortunes of the powerful families of Europe declined, Morgan amassed pieces from all over the world and from various periods of history, including artifacts from ancient civilizations in the Middle East and Europe.

One museum guide directed me to her two favorite pieces in the collection: an original Gutenberg bible and the original manuscript of Charles Dickens' "A Christmas Carol." Seeing the works up close was breathtaking.

In the study, portraits of JP Morgan and his son, Jack, overlook the room. In the corner, a vault holds the most valuable works in the collection. In the library, three stories of bookshelves wrap around the room.

The opulence of the collection is almost too much — something the museum seems to acknowledge in displaying a political cartoon depicting Morgan pulling artifacts from Europe with a giant magnet. Nevertheless, the museum is worth it if you're a history buff.

One of the museum's gift shop clerks told me that one of its biggest recent draws was an exhibit on the library's first director, Belle da Costa, who was the library's director from 1905 to 1948. A new historical fiction novel about da Costa called "The Personal Librarian" has driven interest in the museum, she said, and is one of the gift shop's top-selling items.

• Kirsten Bradford burned out after spending four to eight hours a day job hunting for over a year.
• She implemented several lifestyle changes after her son brought the burnout to her attention.
• This is the second installment of a 5-part personal essay series, The Burnout Cure.

This as-told-to essay is based on a conversation with Kirsten Bradford, a 30-year-old marketing professional based in Dallas, Texas. It's been edited for length and clarity.

After losing my marketing job in 2023, I had no doubts I'd find a new one. I had just earned my master's degree and figured it would help me break into new industries. To find out how wrong I was, especially as a single parent, was scary and confusing.

Over the next year, I spent every day at home applying for jobs, only to feel exhausted and unable to do much else. I felt heavy and numb, like nothingness. I didn't realize how burned out I'd become until my 8-year-old son brought it to my attention.

I looked around at the laundry piled up, the weight I gained, and my dirty room, and realized all the ways my lifestyle was hurting me. I knew I needed to make a change for us.

Since then, I've completely changed the way I approach the job hunt, and that discipline is helping me recover from burnout and feel like a human again.

In my first year of unemployment, I spent 4 to 8 hours a day applying for jobs

When I got hired for a marketing role at a tech recruitment firm, a lot of the language they were speaking went right over my head. I decided to pursue a master's in business management from SMU Cox to close the learning gap at work. When the school program intensified, and I started pulling myself in too many directions, I was let go from work.

I graduated soon after and started applying to banking jobs, hoping to get my foot in the door. When that wasn't picking up, I figured I'd for sure be able to get a job in marketing given my experience, but nothing came from that either. I just felt so confused. It was scary to go from a full-time salary to nothing, but luckily, my son and I live with my parents rent-free.

In my first year of job searching, I applied to 278 jobs and only landed two interviews. It had me questioning my worth and wondering if something was wrong with me.

It was a really sad time, but I kept pushing through.

My energy was exhausting and my son could feel it

I realized things needed to change when my son, a chronic co-sleeper who is known to tiptoe into my room in the middle of the night, told me, "I don't want to sleep here anymore, I don't like the way it feels."

I knew it was because of me. My energy was exhausting, and he could feel it; no child should bear the weight of their parents' emotions. That's when I told myself, "If you're not going to be happy for you, you need to do it for him."

We always used to have fun together. We'd go to the park, downtown, anywhere to spend time with each other. I couldn't remember the last time we went on an adventure. I couldn't even remember the last time I worked out, cooked a proper meal, or even put on makeup.

I don't think my son recognized me, and at that moment, I didn't either, but I wasn't willing to lose my son over it. My favorite job is being a mom.

I implemented 3 immediate changes in my lifestyle to help with my burnout

The very next thing that I did was pray, and I felt God tell me "stop." I initially dismissed it, but I realized going at full speed hadn't gotten me anywhere. It was time to stop and smell the roses, and know that I gave it my best.

The first thing I did to get myself out of my rut was to go on walks, inviting my son along when he was ready. Then, I started cooking and cleaning more. I liked how it felt not being a robot whose only task was to apply to jobs.

The biggest moment of change was when my son and I started going back out again. It was back to the basics. Even if we don't have money, we're still going to have a good time. That's when I started easing back into myself.

I only apply to jobs for 90 minutes a day now

I picked up a part-time job in retail at Bath & Body Works to make some extra money. Additionally, I only give myself 90 minutes a day to apply for jobs, probably a few days a week.

That time usually includes me finding a job I want to apply for, using AI to optimize my résumé, submitting the application, and finding someone to follow up with. I find a lot of jobs from alum groups or referrals. If someone calls me back, great, but if they don't, it's OK. I can't afford to let the job market hurt my spirit anymore.

Outside of that, I follow a schedule. I wake up, take my son to school, work out, cook, and study the Bible or read another book. Right now, I'm challenging myself to read one audiobook and one physical book each week.

My discipline and spirituality are bringing me out of burnout

My spirituality has also kept me grounded during this time, and I keep myself very busy.

I'm currently looking for a hobby that'll keep me out of survival mode. I'm thinking of getting more into decorating because I get to use my hands, and it keeps my mind solving problems in a creative way. It's not easy, and it's not stressful.

I've been calling my loved ones more because I have the time, and I've been volunteering more. I've met good people there, and it makes me happy to serve.

One of the biggest things that's helping me ease out of burnout is having the discipline to stay busy and keep up with my schedule. No matter what I'm doing in a day, I treat it like it's my job.

Do you have a story to share about navigating burnout? If so, please reach out to this reporter at tmartinelli@businessinsider.com.

• AWS executive Sarah Cooper routinely crafts proposals to create new job roles and initiatives.
• Cooper uses Amazon's 6-page narrative memo and its PR/FAQ frameworks to pitch ideas.
• She wrote a proposal that led to her current role leading the AWS AI-Native team.

AWS executive Sarah Cooper has launched several companies and held roles at NASA and AWS, but she's only ever formally interviewed for three jobs.

Instead, Cooper told Business Insider that her career moves often begin with writing a proposal about the work she wants to pursue, either to a VC, a cofounder, or an executive leader, and that becomes the role she steps into.

"I have a million ideas," Cooper said. "It's a blessing and a curse."

Cooper has seen a high rate of success with her proposals. She used them to invent both her previous and current roles at AWS.

Cooper was previously the head of AWS Industry Products, where she worked closely with customers to develop industry solutions in the cloud. Now she leads the "AWS AI-Native" team, an AWS product organization that works with customers to understand how companies will evolve with AI.

Cooper said she wrote a proposal to pitch her last two roles, and she's a fan of the six-page memo, a favorite of Jeff Bezos. Instead of PowerPoint decks, Bezos often opted to start meetings by having attendees read a 6-page "narratively structured" memo silently at the start of the meeting. The founder has said he prefers memos to avoid "hiding a lot of sloppy thinking in bullet points."

These six-page memos typically describe detailed plans for a new initiative and are written using 10-point font. Bezos wrote years ago in an annual shareholder letter that "great memos are written and re-written," and can't be done in a couple of days, though the exact criteria remains more flexible.

Cooper also referenced using Amazon's classic PR/FAQ framework. The executive said she finds the format "effective at helping people quickly understand what your idea is and why it matters."

Amazon describes the framework as a means to develop ideas and initiatives that enable teams to quickly integrate feedback and promote fact-based decision-making. The press-release portion spans a few paragraphs and provides the reader with highlights of the customer experience. The FAQ section, typically five pages or less, dives into the details and also outlines the challenges of building the product or service.

Once a draft is written, the creator typically schedules a one-hour meeting with stakeholders to review the document and get feedback, the company said in a blog post about the framework.

Cooper said she's written over 14 PR/FAQs and investment narratives that have been funded, as well as many other ideas that the company didn't move forward with.

Cooper, who has been at Amazon for over nine years, says she also tries to reflect the organization's values when writing proposals. Amazon's PR/FAQ format originated from a process the company calls "Working Backwards," a method for evaluating new ideas by first defining the ideal customer experience and then reverse-engineering what the team needs to build to achieve it.

Cooper said Amazon is "customer-obsessed," so she tries to focus on that value when drafting a memo. She said she thinks less about the needs of a specific team and more broadly about customers and the best way to serve them, regardless of what's been done previously.

While Cooper has spent her career writing proposals, many never see the light of day — and those that do don't always go smoothly, she said. In her late 20s, while serving as the CTO of a company, she wrote a proposal suggesting that the business should focus limited resources on scaling the supply chain, specifically with the supply chain involved in on-mine extraction to meet demand for contracts. The company disagreed on where to invest.

"I got pushed out of one of my companies, basically, for a proposal I wrote," Cooper said.